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The booleanValue() method can be used to retrieve the boolean value of a Boolean object. In addition, the toString() method will return the string “true” or “false” as appropriate. public final class Boolean { // Public Constructors public Boolean( boolean value); // Public Instance Methods public boolean booleanValue(); // Public Methods Overriding Object public boolean equals( Object obj); public int hashCode(); public String toString(); } Byte CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 java.lang Byte provides an object wrapper for a Java byte primitive value. The constructor initializes the wrapper with a byte value, after which the object becomes immutable. The value associated with a Byte object can be retrieved using the byteValue() method. The static parseByte() converts a numeric value held in a string into a primitive byte. The single-argument variant of this method assumes that the string is encoded in base 10; the two- argument variant can be used to specify a different number base if necessary. A NumberFormatException is thrown if the string does not represent a valid number in the given number base. The static variables Byte.MIN_VALUE and Byte.MAX_VALUE are byte (not Byte) values that represent the smallest and largest values, respectively, that can be held in a byte primitive. Note that this class is derived from Object and not Number, as the CLDC does not provide a Number class as the J2SE does. public final class Byte { // Public Constructors public Byte( byte value); // Public Constants public static final byte MAX_VALUE; // =127 public static final byte MIN_VALUE; // =-128 // Public Class Methods public static byte parseByte( String s) throws NumberFormatException; public static byte parseByte(String s, int radix) throws NumberFormatException; // Public Instance Methods public byte byteValue(); // Public Methods Overriding Object public boolean equals( Object obj); public int hashCode(); public String toString(); }
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ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 java.lang unchecked This exception signals an attempt to access an element of an array using an index that is negative or greater than or equal to the number of elements in the array (recall that arrays are zero-based in Java). This class is the same as its J2SE equivalent, apart from its inability to be serialized. public class ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException extends IndexOutOfBoundsException { // Public Constructors public ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(); public ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException( String s); public ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException( int index); } ArrayStoreException CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 java.lang unchecked This exception signals an attempt to store an object in an array entry that is not the same type as the array, a subclass of that type, or in the case of an array of interface types, is not an object that implements that interface. This class is the same as its J2SE equivalent, apart from its inability to be serialized. public class ArrayStoreException extends RuntimeException { // Public Constructors public ArrayStoreException(); public ArrayStoreException( String s); } Boolean CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 java.lang Boolean provides an object wrapper for a Java boolean primitive. The constructor initializes the wrapper with the value true or false, after which the object becomes immutable. For convenience, the static variables Boolean.TRUE and Boolean.FALSE refer to predefined instances of this class with the values true and false, respectively, and should normally be used instead of constructing a new instance.
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Figure 12-1. The java.lang hierarchy ArithmeticException CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 java.lang unchecked This exception signals an attempt to divide by zero or use the modulus operator (%) to determine the remainder on division by zero. This class is the same as its J2SE equivalent, apart from its inability to be serialized. public class ArithmeticException extends RuntimeException { // Public Constructors public ArithmeticException(); public ArithmeticException( String s); }
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Chapter 12. java.lang Package java.lang CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 The java.lang package, whose class hierarchy is shown in Figure 12-1, contains the classes that form the core of the Java language API. The CLDC version of this package contains just under half of the classes and interfaces of its J2SE counterpart. The major omissions are: Most of the Error classes, which are not required because the CLDC VM does not support them. Some of the J2SE Exception classes are also omitted. The Float and Double types, omitted because the VM does not provide floating point operations. Various other classes such as ClassLoader, SecurityManager and StrictMath which are not needed because the associated functionality is not part of the CLDC specification. The most fundamental classes in this package are Object, Class and Throwable. Object is the base class for all Java objects. The CLDC Object class provides most of the methods of its J2SE counterpart, with the notable exceptions of clone() and finalize(), which are omitted because neither cloning nor finalization is supported in the CLDC Java virtual machine. Class contains the information used to manage a class in the Java virtual machine. The CLDC version of this class does not contain the methods from the J2SE version that are related to reflection, again because reflection is not provided by the CLDC virtual machine. Throwable is the base class for all Java exceptions. Throwable has two subclasses, Exception and Error, that are the roots of separate class hierarchies of recoverable and nonrecoverable errors, respectively. The set of Errors supported by the CLDC Java VM is much smaller than that in J2SE, because the VM considers most of the error conditions that are reported by J2SE to be fatal and hence does not need to be able to report them to Java code.
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converted to an 8-bit data stream by wrapping an output stream with an instance of the OutputStreamWriter class, which is the only concrete subclass of Writer provided in the CLDC java.io package. Most of the methods provided by Writer are the same as those available from OutputStream, except that the fundamental unit of transfer is a char rather than a byte. The write() methods copy Unicode characters instead of bytes to the underlying storage. Writer also provides overloaded variants of write() that write out some or all of a String. Because some implementations may buffer data internally, Writer provides a flush() to force buffered data to be written. Buffered data is always written out when the close() method is called. public abstract class Writer { // Protected Constructors protected Writer(); protected Writer( Object lock); // Public Instance Methods public abstract void close() throws IOException; public abstract void flush() throws IOException; public void write( String str) throws IOException; public void write(char[] cbuf) throws IOException; public void write( int c) throws IOException; public void write(String str, int off, int len) throws IOException; public abstract void write(char[] cbuf, int off, int len) throws IOException; // Protected Instance Fields protected Object lock; } Subclasses OutputStreamWriter
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UnsupportedEncodingException CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 java.io checked This exception signals that an attempt has been made to create an InputStreamReader or an OutputStreamWriter using an encoding that the platform does not support. This class is the same as its J2SE equivalent, apart from its inability to be serialized. public class UnsupportedEncodingException extends IOException { // Public Constructors public UnsupportedEncodingException(); public UnsupportedEncodingException( String s); } Thrown By InputStreamReader.InputStreamReader(), OutputStreamWriter.OutputStreamWriter(), String.{getBytes(), String()} UTFDataFormatException CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 java.io checked This exception signals that an incorrect sequence of bytes has been found when reading a byte stream encoded in UTF-8. The UTF-8 encoding allows 16-bit Unicode characters to be sent in an 8-bit stream, where characters with values in the range 0-127, which are the most commonly used in Western locales, occupy only a single byte. This class is the same as its J2SE equivalent, apart from its inability to be serialized. public class UTFDataFormatException extends IOException { // Public Constructors public UTFDataFormatException(); public UTFDataFormatException( String s); } Writer CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 java.io Writer is an abstract class that defines the methods implemented by subclasses that provide character output. A Writer differs from an OutputStream in that it works in terms of 16-bit Unicode characters rather than 8-bit bytes. A sequence of Unicode characters can be safely
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Reader CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 java.io Reader is an abstract class that defines the methods implemented by subclasses that provide character input. A Reader differs from an InputStream in that it works in terms of 16-bit Unicode characters rather than 8-bit bytes. An 8-bit InputStream can be converted to a sequence of Unicode characters by wrapping it with an instance of the InputStreamReaderclass, which is the only concrete subclass of Reader provided in the CLDC java.io package. Most of the methods provided by Reader are the same as those available from InputStream, except that the fundamental unit of transfer is a char rather than a byte. The read() methods copy data from the data source into a character array, or return a single character held in the least significant 16 bits of an int. The skip() method skips over the given number of chars in the input source, or until end-of-file is reached. The mark(), reset() and markSupported() methods behave the same as an InputStream, except that the limit value passed to the mark() method is expressed in characters, not bytes. Reader does not have an available() method that returns the amount of data waiting to be read without blocking. Instead, it has a ready() method that simply returns true if there is some data to be read, and false if there is not. public abstract class Reader { // Protected Constructors protected Reader(); protected Reader( Object lock); // Public Instance Methods public abstract void close() throws IOException; public void mark( int readAheadLimit) throws IOException; public boolean markSupported(); constant// public int read() throws IOException; public int read( char[] cbuf) throws IOException; public abstract int read(char[] cbuf, int off, int len) throws IOException; public boolean ready() throws IOException; constant// public void reset() throws IOException; public long skip( long n) throws IOException; // Protected Instance Fields protected Object lock; } Subclasses InputStreamReader
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PrintStream CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 java.io PrintStream is an OutputStream subclass that contains methods that convert Java primitive types and objects into a printable format before writing them to an underlying OutputStream. The overloaded variations of the print() method handle primitives of type boolean, char, char[], int, long, String and Object. The string representation of an Object is obtained from its toString() method. The println() methods behave in the same way as print(), but follow their output with a newline character. The System.out and System.err variables hold instances of PrintStream. Because streams of this type are often used when inserting debugging or tracing code where it would be inconvenient to catch exceptions, the print() and println() methods do not throw an IOException if an error is detected. Instead, they set an internal error state that can be checked by calling the checkError() method. public class PrintStream extends OutputStream { // Public Constructors public PrintStream( OutputStream out); // Public Instance Methods public boolean checkError(); public void print( long l); public void print( int i); public void print( char[] s); public void print( Object obj); public void print( String s); public void print( char c); public void print( boolean b); public void println(); public void println( long x); public void println( int x); public void println( Object x); public void println( String x); public void println( char[] x); public void println( char x); public void println( boolean x); // Public Methods Overriding OutputStream public void close(); public void flush(); public void write( int b); public void write( byte[] buf, int off, int len); // Protected Instance Methods protected void setError(); } Type Of System.{err, out}
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Passed To DataOutputStream.DataOutputStream(), OutputStreamWriter.OutputStreamWriter(), PrintStream.PrintStream() Returned By javax.microedition.io.Connector.openOutputStream(), javax.microedition.io.OutputConnection.openOutputStream() Type Of DataOutputStream.out OutputStreamWriter CLDC 1.0, MIDP 1.0 java.io This is a subclass of Writer that writes its output into an 8-bit output stream. The mapping from the 16-bit Unicode characters passed into this class to the bytes required by the underlying output stream is performed according to the encoding whose name is passed to the constructor, or the default encoding of the host platform if the single-argument constructor is used. CLDC devices typically support only their own default encoding. Therefore, it is unlikely that many alternative encodings will be available. The CLDC specification does not provide any mechanism that would allow application code to determine the available encodings at run time, apart from the default encoding which can be obtained from the system property microedition.encoding. Note that the CLDC version of this class does not include the getEncoding() method from J2SE, which returns the name of the encoding used by an OutputStreamWriter. public class OutputStreamWriter extends Writer { // Public Constructors public OutputStreamWriter( OutputStream os); public OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream os, String enc) throws UnsupportedEncodingException; // Public Methods Overriding Writer public void close() throws IOException; public void flush() throws IOException; public void write( int c) throws IOException; public void write(char[] cbuf, int off, int len) throws IOException; public void write(String str, int off, int len) throws IOException; }
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